Valuation & Dilution

Reading a cap table

Ownership, option pools, and fully diluted maths.

Fully diluted, always

A cap table lists who owns what. The only comparable basis is fully diluted: issued shares, options granted, options reserved but ungranted, warrants, and convertible instruments as if converted.

The option pool shuffle

Most term sheets require a pool top-up before the round closes. Placed pre-money, existing shareholders absorb the entire dilution. Placed post-money, it is shared with the new investor. On a $15m raise, that placement can be worth several points of founder ownership.

Practical hygiene

  • One authoritative cap table, kept current
  • Every issuance board-approved and documented
  • Model each scenario fully diluted before agreeing to anything

Key takeaways

  • Always reason in fully diluted terms
  • The option pool is dilution — the question is whose

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Educational content only. Bright Capital Academy materials, calculators, and certificates are provided for general educational purposes and are not legal, tax, financial, accounting, or investment advice. Outputs are illustrative models based on the assumptions you enter — they are not valuations, offers, projections, or guarantees of any outcome. Always consult qualified professional advisers in your jurisdiction before acting.

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